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Bệnh phổ biến trên cá cảnh: Bệnh Herpesvirus trên cá Koi - Công ty TNHH Tôm Việt
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Bệnh phổ biến trên cá cảnh: Bệnh Herpesvirus trên cá Koi

Bệnh Herpesvirus cá Koi (Koi Herpesvirus Disease – KHV) được xác định ở hầu hết các nước có cá chép tự nhiên hoặc nuôi cá chép thương phẩm, trong đó có Việt Nam. Bệnh này thường gây ra tỷ lệ lan truyền và chết cao ở cá Koi và cá chép nuôi (Cyprinus carpio); có thể đạt 70 – 80%, thậm chí là 90 – 100% trong quần đàn cá nuôi.

Nguyên nhân

Bệnh do virus có nhân AND, thuộc họ Herpesviridae và có đường kính từ 100 – 110 nm (theo OIE). Bệnh dịch thường lây lan thông qua cá bệnh, nhớt của cá bệnh, nguồn nước… Giai đoạn dễ bị bệnh là cá giống đến cá trưởng thành; tuy nhiên cá dưới 1 tuổi dễ mẫn cảm với mầm bệnh hơn. Virus thường gây bệnh trong khoảng nhiệt độ từ 16 – 28oC (ngưỡng tối ưu nhất là từ 21 – 27oC).
Dấu hiệu
Cá tách đàn, lờ đờ ở nơi nước chảy, nơi có nhiều ôxy hoặc xung quanh thành lồng/bờ, có dấu hiệu suy hô hấp, có thể có biểu hiện mất thăng bằng khi bơi (theo OIE).
Trên thân có dấu hiệu mất sắc tố hoặc xuất huyết trên thân, vẩy có hiện tượng dựng, rộp và bong ra, da có thể mất biểu bì theo điểm hoặc toàn thân

Phương pháp kiểm soát dịch bệnh

Hiện nay chưa có phương pháp hiệu quả để ngăn chặn dịch bệnh KHV. Vì vậy, mọi giải pháp để kiểm soát bệnh này là tập trung vào công tác phòng bệnh, bao gồm:

(1) thực hiện triệt để công tác an toàn sinh học trong nuôi trồng (kiểm tra mầm bệnh KHV trước khi thả giống);

(2) Tăng cường sức đề kháng cho cá bằng vitamin và các hoạt chất tăng cường hệ miễn dịch của cá;

(3) Giảm thiểu tối đa các hiện tượng sốc do môi trường, do đánh bắt và vận chuyển cá… hoặc sốc do mật độ nuôi cao (OIE, 2018).

Khi cá nuôi bị bệnh cần loại bỏ ngay những con chết và yếu (thiêu /chôn hủy), không vứt bỏ cá bệnh ra ngoài môi trường. Nếu là nuôi cá Koi, có thể sử dụng biện pháp nâng hoặc hạ nhiệt để kiểm soát dịch bệnh. Tuy nhiên phương pháp này chỉ làm cho virus không hoạt động, bản thân virus vẫn tồn tại trong cơ thể cá và sẽ gây bệnh khi nước quay lại khoảng nhiệt độ tối ưu (21 – 27oC).
Xử lý môi trường nước bằng phương pháp phun hóa chất xuống ao nuôi hoặc treo túi hóa chất đối với khu lồng/bè. Đối với cá nuôi bể/ lồng: Sử dụng phương pháp ngâm hóa chất để xử lý cá bệnh (theo khuyến cáo của từng loại hóa chất). Giảm ăn hoặc cắt ăn, cho cá ăn Vitamin C/chất tăng cường hệ miễn dịch (Beta-glucan), cho ăn liên tục 7 – 10 ngày. Có thể sử dụng kháng sinh nếu có hiện tượng cá bệnh bị bội nhiễm vi khuẩn.
TS Đoàn Quốc Khánh

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